Isotope hydrogeology studies processes and reactions during the recharge, storage, and discharge of groundwater. Threshold rainfall intensities for recharge 76ġ Isotope hydrogeology 1.1 Review Motivation, Objectives, and Structure Seasonal biases in groundwater recharge 59 Radioactive dissolved inorganic carbon isotope systematics 35 Stable dissolved inorganic carbon isotope systematics 32 Radioactive hydrogen isotope systematics 26 Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope systematics 15

Review motivation, objectives and structure 6īrief overview of groundwater O, H and dissolved inorganic C isotope systematics 12 Some of these underexplored aquifer systems may be suitable targets for future field testing. Groundwater isotope data are disproportionately common to midlatitudes and sedimentary basins equipped for irrigated agriculture, but less plentiful across high latitudes, hyperarid deserts, and equatorial rainforests. Reviewed works confirm and quantify long held tenets: (i) that recharge derives disproportionately from wet season and winter precipitation (ii) that modern groundwaters comprise little global groundwater (iii) that “fossil” (>12,000-year-old) groundwaters dominate global aquifer storage (iv) that fossil groundwaters capture late-Pleistocene climate conditions (v) that surface-borne contaminants are more common in younger groundwaters and (vi) that groundwater discharges generate substantial streamflow. Here, commonly applied approaches to isotopic data analysis are reviewed, involving groundwater recharge seasonality, recharge elevations, groundwater ages, paleoclimate conditions, and groundwater discharge. Groundwater 18O/ 16O, 2H/ 1H, 13C/ 12C, 3H, and 14C data can help quantify molecular movements and chemical reactions governing groundwater recharge, quality, storage, flow, and discharge.

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